An NCEAS working group published the first global assessment of cumulative human impacts on the ocean in Science on February 15, 2008. The findings, related maps, and openly available data became one of our most highly cited research efforts. The assessment showed where cumulative impacts were greatest and least and which human activities were driving these results. In 2015, a team made up of many of the same original participants conducted an updated assessment to show how and why cumulative impacts change over time, and specifically since the original 2008 assessment. The results are intended to help assess the effectiveness of past management and conservation actions and guide future management efforts.